Berto is a 40-year-old widower who lost his wife, to whom he was married for 15 years. He is now a single father of a boy who is just about to become a teenager. After years of getting married, Berto slowly came to terms with his sexuality and finally accepted himself as gay, but he chose to stay in the closet mainly to keep the sanctity of his marriage and to respect the conservative ideologies of his family.

Recently, he met a guy his age, and he is sure he likes the person. With how the guy acts around him, Berto is confident the guy likes him too. The guy doesn’t know that Berto is gay, or at the very least, under the assumption that he is heterosexual.

For the purposes of this debate, ""Christmas spirit"" is about being more giving, forgiving, and being one with loved ones. Most of the time, it's about family gatherings with their houses full of Christmas decorations and spending more than usual on food and gifts.

You are a progressive social worker from a privileged family who always look forward to celebrating Christmas every year. You are given the chance to redefine the Christmas spirit. In the new definition, Christmas can be spent alone without being pressured to go home to families, not giving gifts, not reconciling relationships with people who wronged you, and not being pressured to throw big parties to celebrate the festivity. Assuming you do, it will become the norm and is irreversible, and you will remember this decision after the redefinition has been done.

For the purposes of this debate, states’ failures to address an educational crisis include, but are not limited to, poorly crafted educational curricula, budget cuts in the education sector and public schools and universities, severe lack of compensation for teachers, failure in infrastructures and logistics, consistent low ranking in international assessments, inability to control a massive amount of dropouts, insufficient solutions for the unemployment of fresh graduates, non-targetive educational programs, political nepotism and corruption in the education department, etc.

Hostage diplomacy is the practice of states taking foreign hostages (or prisoners) to gain diplomatic concessions from the hostages' home states.

Franchising refers to a league structure where participation is contingent on paying fees to a tournament owner. Some examples of a tournaments that utilize this structure include the League of Legends Championship Series and the Overwatch League.

“Global citizenship” refers to the social, political, environmental, and economic actions of globally-minded individuals, groups, or communities on a worldwide scale. Connected by a set of shared values and an understanding of shared responsibility, people who self-identify as global citizens identify as members of the human race as opposed to members of a particular state, nation, or tribe.